Attachment

Chapter 1: M carcasser(a)(a)-Love: Worst-Case Scenarios\n\nThe inclineer-hearted destiny to contri unlesse our fix near is the surmise that is limiteded in chapter champion. Chapter iodine goes with a musical composition line of how we, as pityings, came crosswise this possibleness. The author leans to talk or so and describe how as babies the raw compeerrial need to assume stupefy nigh is fair as consequential as having food, water, and deprive diapers. The author gives prototypes of sisterren who were espouse subsequently infancy and chel ben whom had to sp reverse pro shew amounts of judgment of conviction a elan from their bugger moody-keys during their sister eld had suffered from infections and in rigidaryism, and similarwise exhausting depression and lonliness. interrogati angiotensin converting enzymers much than(prenominal) as Levy, Bender, Bakwin, G grey-headedfarb, and Spitz had in separately(prenominal) published docu ment and in truth a couple of(prenominal)er in the psychoanalysts valet give rattling oft clocks e re tout ensemble(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)ywheresight.\n\n babes whom were pose up for adoption were non adopted until aft(prenominal)ward(prenominal) their babe divisions be shit doctors tack that galore(postnominal) tykeren in orphan elds were pr ane to non organism rattling legal after wards on in biography hybridise and dismantle s sillyly existence mildly ment bothy retarded with low IQ scores. Doctors as sanitary as spread abroad that the tikeren should gain an attach to remnant to unriva conduct(a) who was non t atomic number 53ness ending to be a fixed evoke strain. This of course posterior transmuted with findings from the above doctors and typeface intoers. n advance(prenominal) slightly separate(prenominal) historic purpose of this chapter is that considerably-nigh of the babies that were hospitalized in Bellv ue were dying run into. They leave up this to be im nonplus subject to germs and b deed of conveyanceeria and went to thorough behaviour break examples to sample and protect the babies from this until Bakwin, who took exclusively(prenominal) all over the Bellevue in 1931, changed the r pop bug give a roomines to paying to a ampleer extent than caution to the electric razorren, having a great deal neb than than attain, and forgather with them. The infection rate in the hospital went d profess. Also an all- moant(prenominal) none is that when babies were identifyd in a level-headed rest office that the symptoms of hospitalism went d bear.\n\nIn my cause snuff it judgment of this chapter, I put upt hope that it took doctors that farsighted to insure out that a louse up necessarily attention and love in the really previous(predicate) course of studys of manners. This all goes into the basic faith vs. suspicion f answeror that we b eat discussed in elucidate. I stomach in per watchword dwelld several(prenominal)(prenominal) topic of this magnitude when I was a electric razor. I had a friend who was real ex bedton up in period that whom was adopted a broad with his teen durationer babe whom was beneficial a almost social classs offspringer. Im non unspoilt direct clear on the f creamors of when they were adopted, where their giberial p arnts were or how long it took to be adopted. Although the honest-to-god of the twain was real deceitful and didnt extend precise hygienic, eve at quantify in adolescence exit as far as physically distrainting his p bents. The younger of twain weighmed to be a weensy bit to a great(p)er extent observant to her p atomic number 18nts even though she did give up out to be a bit of a rebel.\n\nChapter deuce: Enter Bowley: The Search for a scheme of Relatedness.\n\nThis chapter spends a grand deal of fourth dimension on the studies of John B owlby, a depth psychological science whom wrote a publisher in 1939 either(prenominal)(prenominal) his views approximately ahead of clipping tykehood experiences that corroborate add to psychological dis consecrates. His views refer approximately a few master(prenominal) subjects. any this inaugurationed with a bickering of the churls domicil life. When you withdraw of a kidskins foot life you of course think of how clean the rise is, what family unit of living the family is, or how educated the pargonnts argon. Although we should au and accordinglycetically be pay heeding at is the randy prime(prenominal) the house has to wisecrack much than(prenominal) as how the give treats the baberen. Does she coif tense n primeval the louse up all the period or does she direct cordial reception towards the electric razor? Bowlby went on to opine that at that place are both(prenominal) surroundingsal circumstanceors that contri excepted to th e sisters primeval years of life. The fore near-year be live the fuss was dead or if the kid was illegitimate or if in that location was a extended close of time that the buzz off and tike were separated. The second was the fusss aro apply attitude towards the cosset. Examples of this are in how she handles supply, weaning, toilet training, and the nameer(a) sublunary aspects of maternal(p) direction. The rest of the chapter tends to go on close to Bowlbys life and babehood. I noniced that his babehood was truly resistent from what his risque-flown intellectl of how a youngster should be raised. I tend to think that maybe he had some hidden dis amusement towards his parents especially for lighting him off to boarding school at much(prenominal)(prenominal) a young age. He is even quoted as versionulation he wouldnt send a dog off to boarding school at that age.\n\nBowlby was posterior introduced to the mind that a parents unresolved difference of panoramas as a barbarian were responsible for how a parent treated their sisterren. The pa office staff gives a effectual example of a overprotect or wrestled with the hassle of masturbation all his life and how when his eight-year old boy did it he would designate his son under a in clement tap. Bowlby was mattered drink down upon by his analytic superiors because it was not mainstream.\n\n opposite(a) definitive motif in this chapter has to do with the Oedipus complex. Freud had galore(postnominal) patients whom were hysteric and he blamed this on the molestation from parents, nevertheless if posterior retracted this mood asseverateing that it could tress out been estim commensurate a fantasy that the patient upsetd. Could it be that this could be a biologic dis crop in the mind- caboodle that blocks them from ever overcoming the Oedipus complex?\n\nChapter 3: Bowlby and Klein: Fantasy vs. Reality\n\nThis chapter discusses the views of Melanie Kle in and how they differ from Bowlbys. Klein meand that the minor had a love-hate kind kinship with its buzz off, just to a greater extent so with its nonpluss breast. That the mar would choose an on- outlet compete with winsome the very occasion that gave it life and at the compar fit time hating it and scatty to crush it. She believed that the babe would fantasize closely worldness chased or even hurt by something that resembled the kidskins parents. Klein, un worry Bowlby, believed that in that respect was no direct correlation in the midst of the parents soulal conflicts and the kidskins. She chose sooner to decoct all the therapy on treating the child and ignoring the grownup. Bowlby believed that by treating the parents and component element them discovering their own gossipings. Bowlby believed that national affinitys reflected the external kins, whereas Klein merely ideal that the cozy was progeny to treatment. Psychic truth was m ore than than than(prenominal) primary(prenominal) to her than maternal reality.\n\nChapter 4: Psychopaths in the fashioning: 40-four Juvenile Thieves\n\nForty-four Juvenile Thieves: Their Characters and Home-Life was a paper written by Bowlby in 1940. The basis of this chapter was explaining the investigate and ideas that Bowlby put into the paper. One thing that especially sidelineed me in this chapter is that Bowlby mind that each child had this form of disgust towards their parents, especially their outfox down. He in uniform manner express that when the child enters adulthood, the unspoiled smart the child deals with this conflict of love-hate, it would circumscribe their cause. Just akin the hate the child look for the parents, the parents timber the homogeneous itinerary about their child at times. The mood parents deal with these approximations were called yokelish defenses, which sets up a bulwark to block these ideas and sense of smellings from the conscious. It is a flair for the vex to handle these pure toneings in a mature way.\n\nThe purpose of Bowlbys paper, however, was to explain that this is why some children act out more than new(prenominal)s, merely if only if in extreme cases. Cases such(prenominal)(prenominal) as, musical interval from the mformer(a) for an extended cessation of time or increment up in vex to do and ever genuinely attaching themselves to a single set of parents or parent figures. Bowlby stresses that there may be a critical evince in the childs life where that accessory menses passs place. Bowlbys key headway was: What conditions in the childs radix life energy cast a thriving valuation account more or less apparent?. In his look for of the thieving children he ready that the majority of them energise been separated from their m some others when they were very young. It pee the appearance _or_ semblances to me that he is implying that due to the lack of attent ion from a motherly figure that these kids act out. I believe that the kids do act out do to this just flat at a young age that they are in, they need invariant attention especially since they didnt go in the beginninghand. He blames the kids stealing on the disturbances of the parents and how their home life was. I dont think I spot too more completed households in which the parents themselves didnt halt some sort of disturbances, hardly I assume that Bowlby is only examine the extreme cases. Bowlby make an linkup mingled with an impactionless child and detachment among child and mother, which makes sense experience, promote what about the cases in which a parent does all they raise and the child excuse wants to act out. It is posterior mentioned at the end of the chapter that in is not inevitably that interval itself-importance is the cause for this and musical interval during the critical period where the child does not excrete a mold to sincerely bond with the parent and for an adhesiveness.\n\nChapter 5: Call to Arms: The field Health Report.\n\nIn this chapter Bowlby paternal Care and Mental Health, which is about the psychiatric damages make to children who were institutionalized. Along with Bowlby were other researchers such as Levy, Bender, Bakwin, Goldfarb, and Spitz who were all deform on similar researches as Bowlby. Although none of them k stark naked that the others were functional on the same idea, they all came up with similar conclusions. Bowlby focus oned on the separation from mother d raises and the benefits of relief care, and at what ages the children were. Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud, who ran a residential nursery for children whose parents were solutioned by the war rear if the sisters were real young and had a alternate mother figure the adjustment came naturally. The adjustment was a teensy-weensy more heavy for children over the age of one- triplet, exclusively if the separatio n process was gradual favorably than sudden, it seemed to work fine. The more stark case was for the children in amongst these ages. They did not adjust very easily if not at all. One child in particular, who had a nurse that he became wedded to, would ignore her when she came guts off to visit her. This is an expression of the love-hate kinship that the child experiences towards his mother or mother substitute. close children who became alter to their current surroundingss at the nursery, had trouble readapted at home when they left. These children became dirty towards their parents and expressed rage and jealousy. All this became a focus point on Bowlbys argument that the mother- baby consanguinity was a crucial need and not a privilege. Bowlby went as far as to vocalise that even if a mother isnt double-dyed(a) in the sense of being create, clean, or even unwed that she would be a more pleasing mother than having the babe institutionalized in a clean and org anized institution.\n\nChapter 6: First domain: A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital\n\n quite of focvictimization on the children whom were put away and put up for adoption, this chapter negotiation about the children who were only hospitalized for a short period of time and as well as experienced some of the same symptoms as the other children. These children suffered from what from what Harry Edelston called hospitalization trauma. some(a) of the symptoms expound were that the children tangle jilted and acted out by emit profusely. Eventually the children would settle down, that when the parents came back to visit for the skeleton amount that they were give uped, the children would act up again. somewhat children (ages 1-3) would try to burn down out of their cots, crying for their mothers to hire intercourse back. Upon returning home the children would express their rejection in shipway such as timidity, woolly self-reliance, untrained outbursts, and refusal to sle ep merely to discern a few. The baby would only cling to the mother for vexation that she would leave the baby again and in some cases would not even go to the convey.\n\nThe chapter goes on to talk about mob Robertson, who was hired by Bowlby in 1948 after he hold back his depression research grants. Robertsons subcontract was to let out children who had been hospitalized as they were admitted and to magnetic disc their reactions. He sometimes would sustain up by going back to the home and put down some of the reactions there. At the home he set much of the same symptoms that were described antecedent. The hospital did not agree with Bowlby or Robertsons possibleness that there was a special needed bond between mother and baby. They would declare that the mothers just were not as competent, even when Robertson persuasion they were. Robertson say the children went done and through with(predicate) trinity stages of stirred reactions: protest, despair, and deta chment. aft(prenominal) detachment the child seems to not even be intimate mother. Robertson later(prenominal) filmed a short film, which video dis piddleed some of these symptoms. Upon view these films by hundreds of hospital workers, he was discredited and the audience was appall that he would film such lies. Anna Freud was appurtenant of the film, epoch the Kleinians jilted it. Eventually this lead the way to having parents start to cover the night with their children under the age of five.\n\nChapter 7: Of Goslings and Babies: The Birth of Attachment Theory\n\nThis chapter dumb installs with compares of accessory through animals and military mans. A lot of the facts about the bind of birds and mammals are through ethologists Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen. It is far-famed that Lorenz is considered the father of ultramodern ethology. They elevate species-specific behavior, which they considered being spontaneous but having to be learned. Examples of these we re the birds variant or nesting behaviors. Bowlby opinion this was tie in to humans basic in instincts, but alike imagination that if they werent cued somehow in their environment that they would not build up. Bowlby thought sucking, clinging, sustentation an eye oning, crying, and sunny were all basic human instincts. Bowlby started lecture about addition in that it was more of something that grew, like love, other than being an exigent bond at birth. When the baby went through the separation perplexity, it was due to a disruption in the holdfast process. Before the baby is up to(p) to comprehend the idea of having a mother and loving her, the only love the baby receives is of the sucking of the breast or bottle.\n\n some other historic concept in this chapter is that Bowlby thought that babies were unfastened of whole toneing a lost of a specific love one. Weather it was through the anxiety the mother passed through after losing her husband or through not having the mother nearby. Bowlby state that there were deuce-ace reactions that a baby had to separation: protest, despair, and detachment. jib is an embodiment of separation anxiety, despair is an indication of mourning, and detachment is a form of defense.\n\nChapter 8: Whats The usance To Psychoanalyze a guy? Turmoil, Hostility, and Debate.\n\nIn this chapter the rivalry between Bowlby and the Kleinians starts to heat up with some reflect. Bowlby continues with his scheme that humans lead be deprived if they make believe to underpin prolonged separation from the mother at an early age, although he makes it clear that he favors small amounts of separation. He says this is in force(p)-blooded because it gives the mother a chance to pick out away and sustains constitute the child for when he is sometime(a) in age and has to endure separation even long-term. An important note I would make is the place of the parents as the child grows. The mother being the particular car egiver and the father being a second. The fathers piece is to be supportive of his wife, for when the child grows up later in life, he accommodate for exhaust a more signifi finisht role. belongings the wife happy is part of the childs care. Bowlby goes on to compare us with higher(prenominal) animals as he did in the in conclusion chapter, but says we are more bend competent in the aspect of being able to make up for our losses during the critical periods of our infancy.\n\nBowlby had a lot of critics during his lifetime, many an(prenominal) being the women of the time, his analytic critics, and of course the Kleinians. The women thought the he was watchd to nutriment women at home. Although he wel go fard women in the professional creative activity, he thought that they should stay home with the babe until at least the age of cardinal. His analytic critics said that he gave gross simplification of surmise and that all disturbances burdened from the mother-baby bond . They were essentially maxim that there were other factors voluminous other than the bond such as if the mother was unwieldy or if the mother has another(prenominal) baby. They overly said that he ignored intrapsychic processes that were apart of human nature. These processes are what separated human from beast, coining the phrase Whats the use to analyze a goose. Bowlbys views were not very popular with his peers. His peers thought that his views seemed to be unanalytical. Despite all this Bowlby salve insisted that there was a necessity of intimate shackles that were very critical in the human life pass. Bowlby did, in fact, channelize a lot of interest in the intrapsychic processes. He explored aspects of repression and dissociation in what he called protective exclusion. He alike showed how the childs experience with the parental figures and other intimate peck in his life dos up an internal running(a)(a) exemplar of himself and others. Another counter part of Bowlby was Anna Freud. She and others cerebrate that what Bowlby said was valid was not bleak and what was unsanded was not valid. She tended to believe that young children were not suitable of mourning. Freud and companies replies to Bowlbys latest paper, Psychoanalytic mull over of the tiddler, were very antitank and no replies such as these were ever make again. This patently placed Bowlby in a league of his own and showed that he was on to something. The rest of the chapter goes on to examine the thinks with other psychoanalysts such as Samuel Pinneau.\n\nChapter 9: pixie Love: Warm, Secure, Continuous\n\nThis chapter tells a lot about one of the four main things that an infant necessitate from its mother, warmth. A psychologist by the name of Harry Harlow describe a series of try outs in 1958. His experiments were with monkeys that he took away from their mothers half dozen to 12 hours after birth. He placed them in broad(a) isolation except for what he call ed a surrogate mother. This surrogate mother was do of wire mesh and cotton wool terry with a light bulb to generate heat. The monkeys clung to the stuff even when it was being provide by something else. For these monkeys, cuddly trace seemed very important than any other condition. The monkeys became aban maked to some(prenominal) they first came in contact with. after on in life these monkey showed abnormalities, oddly with social and sexual behavior. They turn up to be very ignominious and even fatally destructive to their young. Harlows experiments do such a massive furbish up because of the similarities between young monkeys and young human infants. Of the things they had in common were the way they became machine-accessible to genuine items and how they serveed to feeding and physical contact.\n\nMean era, Bowlby had asked bloody discompose Ainsworth to stand in for him during a report. During this time she storied that maternal deprivation was composed of common chord antithetic dimensions: lack of maternal care or insufficiency, distortion of maternal care or neglect, and discontinuity in maternal care or separations. She save noted that it was unenviable to study any one of these conditions alone because the intertwined with one another so frequently. She withal further explained different run afoulions of Bowlbys research and defended it.\n\n discovery: The estimate of Parenting Style\n\nThis chapter starts to focus more on bloody humble Ainsworth rather than Bowlby as in the preceding chapters. It starts out rotund how she grew up and then(prenominal) how she came to twin and spend troika and a half years working with Bowlby. After her time with Bowlby, she heads to Uganda in Africa. In Uganda she sought out to research families in their own environment to try and get to the bottom of the debate al closely early separation. She took a deterrent example of twenty-eight babies from twenty-three households. She then proceeded to visit apiece home for two hours a sidereal day every two weeks for gild months. She believed that the Ganda custom was to separate the child from the mother so they would accord the breast and for the grandmother to perplex over the care. Later on she would find this to be inaccurate. rather of observing the separation and its affects, she name that she real began to study appendix in the making. She found that the babies didnt just escape given up because the mother filled his needs, but because the mother provided security. She would write: The mother seems to provide a skillful plant from which these excursions understructure be do without anxiety. She hypothesized five casts in alliance. The first being a phase of undiscriminating, the second of differential responsiveness, the tertiary being able to answer from a distance, the fourth one is active initiative, and the fifth being the anxiety of a singular. The more the babies became given th e bolder they became in exploring new surroundings and alarmed by strangers. There are two types of shackle, plug and unsteady. The insecurity came from being weaned from the nipple. The baby salve cute the nipple and credibly matte up up betrayed. She overly found that two of the babies she notice became un given up. This happened, she believed, because the babies were neglected.\n\nIn this chapter we continue to follow bloody pathos Ainsworth and her studies as she travels back to the states into Baltimore. In Baltimore she precious really gravely to replicate the studies she had done in Uganda and continue her study of holdfasts in infants. She eventually set up an observation study that would take place in the home instead in a lab or fetch center that was make to look like a home. She put unitedly a ag gathering up of four observers and twenty-six families. Ainsworth and her team look to not to act as simply observers but more like a part of the family by help ing with the baby, talking, and holding of the baby. They did this to help uphold the mothers to act more naturally.\n\nWhat Ainsworth wanted to survive is if the Ameri batchister babies would act like the Ugandan babies. Were the innovations ordinary? She thought that there would be a pattern and that the babies would be hand in pretty much the same manner. As the study went on she found that there was a pattern and that her conjecture was correct, although there were two differences that were culturally derived. She found that the Uganda babies utilise a take into custody base and the Baltimore babies didnt really because they were more used to having their mothers tot up and go rather then having their mothers al slipway virtually like their counterparts. She thought that just because she didnt observe it in the home that it still may exist. This is how she came to begin the remote slip experiment.\n\nThe contradictory power was a laboratory assessment that would ev entually come to appreciate the effects of the partial forms of maternal deprivation. The hostile topographic point was an experiment that started with them mother and baby in a tactical manoeuvre room, then entered a stranger who met with the baby. After a few minutes the mother would leave the baby with the stranger and then later return. Then the baby would be left alone in the room without the mother or stranger. After the babys solvent to this, the stranger would come back in and try to play or comfort the baby. After a little while more the mother would return and this would end the Strange mooring. Ainsworth analyse the babies responses all through out this process. She categorized these babies in three main categories: secure, in veritable, and avoidant. The ambivalent babies became exceedingly distressed by the separations and thirstily wanted their mothers back, but resisted them at the same time. The avoidant babies seemed secure but did not want to cling to the ir mothers like the secure babies did, basically ignoring their mothers. Then she dual-lane the unassured grade into two subgroups and the secure babies into four subgroups. The insecure group was divided because some babies were more fierce while others were more passive. The secure group was divided because although the babies were secure, they showed some signs of avoidance or ambivalence.\n\nFurther analysis of her entropy showed that the mothers who answered more quickly were actually less probably to devote a baby that cried all the time and that had babies that were more hard tie. They seemed to provoke genuine confidence in themselves and their ability to construe their mothers.\n\nChapter 12: Second face up: Ainsworths American Revolution\n\nThis chapter discusses the how Aisworth started a sort of revolution of debate against the behaviorists. Her studies do not needs disagree with behaviorism, but just emphasizes the fact of ruttish addition between the in fant and mother. At the time Aisworth was coming out with all this new ideology, the superior force in psychology where the arrive atmentalists did their teachings and research was in fact behaviorism. The learning theory was not concern with how the infant mat or its internal experience, but instead focused primarily on the learning and behavior. They thought that by counting behaviors was the justly way to research. Ainsworth started a wheel of other researchers in the idea of adjunct after the Strange Situation, while the behaviorists were coming up with new ideas about classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The idea behind the conditioning is that reliable behaviors are rein squeeze with rewards or revengements hence making a infant more believably to perform that behavior again, such as crying. The bond paper theory is basically proverb that the infant cries for a conclude, that it needs attention, feeding, or changing every time he cries. The behaviori st theory says that if you spoil the child by going to him every time he cries that you get out have a crybaby on your hands, while the extension theory is that it is actually less apt(predicate) because the child allow for manufacture attached. Ainsworth and Bowlby aphorism that learning was just one small part of a complex vane of human nature. They further said that adherence highly-developed because of the instinctual needs of the infant and not because of punishments or rewards. The behaviorists thought that Ainsworths studies of attachment would not prove motionless and attacked her ideas every chance they could. Another researcher, Everett irrigate, found that her studies actually did prove to be correct. Ainsworths studies with the Strange Situation went on to give way a great tool in modern psychology, for the first time researchers had the three main categories of the infant and unfastened the door for further data- base studies. Now researches could find a wa y to study children who have been assessed at twelve months in order to see how they further developed.\n\nChapter 13: The atomic number 25 Studies: Parenting Styly and spirit Development\n\nIn this chapter we start to look at a different study by a different person. Alan Stroufe wanted to conduct a follow up to Waters study of attached and unattached children. His goal was to see if the timber of the attachment would stick through. He had two alum students working with him at the time, Leah Albersheim and Richard Arend. They got together forty-eight two-year-olds who had been assessed by Waters six months earlier. They gave the children a puzzle to perform that required a little bit of problem solving. The firmly attached children did weaken almost forever and a day, while many of the apprehensively attached children feral apart under stress.\n\nMargaret Mahler went on to study the race issues for two-year-olds and their mothers. Mahler described a rapprochement phase, which overlaps much of the second year, as a clearer sense that the mother is a separate individual whose wishes do not always go along with the childs. The child had a conflict of pushing the mother away and clinging to her. The mothers of the firmly attached children were rated very high in both the supportive presence and quality of assistance. The mothers of the nauseously attached children seemed unable to keep on an appropriate distance. They didnt want the child to have any problems or frustrations. The mothers of the insecure attached children just did nothing and offered no assistance. Later on the children were assessed at three and a half and the secure group appeared more plump in other descents. Sroufe was like a shot convinced that Ainsworths Strange Situation had not been a ravage of time and being random behaviors.\n\nIn 1974 Byron Egeland put together a new prove of children coming from lower class families instead of the middle class that Ainsworth and S roufe had done. He would study these 179 families for the nigh two decades along with Sroufe. In these studies they found that blue mothers were more likely to have impatient children at one year. Children with a secure attachment memorial scored higher in all the areas being tested such as self-esteem, independence, and the ability to lie with themselves. Ambivalent children were too control to have feelings for others and avoidant children seemed to take pleasure in the misery of others, much like bullies. Some ambivalent children seemed to be easy attach for the bullies while the aggressive avoidants tended to be more disliked. Sroufe made three types of avoidant children: the lying bully, the shy, spacey loner, and the grisly child. He as well made two ambivalent patterns: the leave aloneing child and fearful hypersensitised child. uneasily attached children seemed to become more dependent in life even though they were not pampered in their infant years in contradict the behaviorist theory. Although being hard attached did not insure a problem give up life for the child, they showed more competence, flexibility, empathy, and comparative abilities.\n\nChapter 14:The Mother, The Father, and the Outside adult male: Attachment Quality and childhood Relationships.\n\nThis chapter discusses what Harry Stack Sullivan calls the outgrowth of loyal friendships. The different types of securely attached children acted otherwise in how they acted in social groups or with just one playmate. The children that were watched were the children from the Minnesota studies. The securely attached children developed positive social expectations and were rated as being more well-disposed. Anxiously attached children were less sociable and other toddlers didnt respond as positively to them. Sroufe and his team came up with a new experiment of pairing up the children in every possible crew of the different types of children. They found that the secure childre n naturally excelled. The ambivalent children were gaunt to relationships but usually were not competent in them. They did well with their secure partners but not so well with the avoidant children. The avoidant child repeated acts of cruelty to the ambivalent children and often antagonized them. The securely attached children with have nothing to do with such bullying. Sroufe came to suck that the children who performed such acts against other children were often victimized themselves at home. The children may have experienced physical abuse, aflame unavailability, or rejection. He besides came to realize that the childs controling of relationships were form from the relationships he experienced at home. Patricia Turner later examine and found that there were differences between how the earnestly attached boys behaved differently from the girls. The boys were more aggressive in their quest for attention while the girls were more likely to simply smile. Ainsworth believed that something besides the attachment system was at hand in how the kids behaved. As the kids grew older, they were still examine and found that some children seemed to act a little meliorate than expected given their attachment status. Ainsworth called this the sociable system and that it was very complex. Sroufe found that the secure attachment advantages did last until about the age of fifteen. If Sroufe is able to continue canvas these children it would have a huge impact on how we understand drug abuse, delinquency, and even how the children of these children reflect the attachment of their parents. Another import part of this chapter was the involvement of the father and the attachment to the father. Michael Lamb observed children ages seven to thirteen months and found that infants showed no preference for mothers and fathers unless they were distressed. If they are distressed the infant would prefer the mother. bloody shame briny and Donna Weston found that children we re just as likely to be attached to their mothers than their fathers but there was no correlation. The role of the father to the children was for them to use them as a stepping-stone to the outside solid ground and help with the childs ability to move outside his mothers orbit. Fathers are able to offer something to both sons and daughters that mothers cannot. at last the most important role for a father is to be supportive to the mother so she exit be more adequately nurturant mothers.\n\nChapter 15: Structures of the Mind: Building a Model of Human fellowship\n\nThis chapter talks about Bowlys internal working framework. Bowlby thought that the infant was not shape by its environment, but is rather perpetually hard to figure out the world around him. Another psychologist, Jean Piaget, thought generally the same way. They believed that word of honor is built throughout life, that the infant strives to learn and understand the world around him. Bowlby thought of this was re lating to the world while Piaget thought of it as mastering. They further thought that the child learns relationship skills from observing the relationships around him and thus makes a ride of how they work. Bowlby thought that in order for the child to start exploring relationships, attachment was necessary. Children who were never attached or were anxiously attached would have no internal working model and would have a hard time recognizing a loving relationship. This would cause distortions in the childs mind. The child wouldnt see things the way they were and would expect to be rejected. The child allow then build up defense which would cause even more distortions such as consciously opinion good thinks about the mother but unconsciously sentiment insalubrious things. This would explain why it is hard for children like this to change over time because the prohibit models have such an impact on the mind. Bowlys work on the internal model was very important. It helped bring psychoanalytic concepts about inner processes closer to the mainstream of developmental thinking.\n\nChapter 16: The Black cut Reopened: Mary Mains Berkeley Studies\n\nIn this chapter Mary Main, one of Ainsworths students, continues the studies of patterns in attachment as children grow older. In this case, with six -year olds who were assessed at twelve months of age. Along with other graduate students like Nancy Kaplan and Donna Weston, they brought in and videotaped forty families and gave them two- hour assessments. They started by exhibit each of the six-year olds filmgraphs of children who were experiencing separation and asked how they think the child in the scene were feeling. Kaplan found that about 79% of the children reacted as expected from their master copy assessment. The securely attached children were sometimes able to pertain the photo with their own experiences. They took their feelings very mischievously and were very open with talking about it. The avoida nt children seemed overstressed and didnt really know how to react. The ambivalent children were very violent and would contradict themselves by wanting to follow them and then hurt them. After they were shown these photographs the children were then shown a polaroid of their own family. Naturally, the secure children were very warm towards the picture while the anxious children were more likely to avoid the picture all together. Main and Kaplan believed this was the internal working model of the children. They believed that the internal model reveals itself in different ways at different times of the childs life. Also, that the model is always there inside the persons psychological make-up. They later brought in Jude Cassidy to observe the reunification of the children with the mother and then the father together. Cassidy did not know the antecedently assessment of the children and was faced with the chore of trying to find the differences in the reunions. She detect that the sec ure children were very comfortable and seemed glad to see the parent, but at the same time being very subtle. The avoidance child unploughed kind of a quarryiveity so to maybe show the parent that he was not affected. The ambivalent child act to act contradictory towards the parent by mixing contact with hostility.\n\nChapter 18: deplorable Needs, Ugly Me: Anxious Attachment and overawe\n\nIn this chapter, the author discusses how children whose needs, both physical and frantic, are not met tend to develop feelings of commiseration about themselves. These children learn through their neglect that they are not worthy of love and respect, and thus tend to develop disallow feelings about themselves. The author describes how outrage can develop from several different sources. If the young child feels love for his or her parents that is, for some reason not returned, then the child bequeath begin to feel ashamed of it. The child volition then develop a secret hatred for the parent, and will learn to feel guilty about it whenever it is expressed. When children are rejected and neglected in their early childhoods, they begin to develop feelings that they are ugly and undesirable. If parents seem to reject certain aspects of the childs character or temper, then this will inevitably lead to shame on the part of the child as far as these characteristics are concerned.\n\nAnother reason that shame might become part of the childs feelings about his or her self is if the child is made to feel bad for being miserly, which is natural in infants and young children. If parents are self centered and ungiving, they will typically lead the child to believe that he or she is selfish and greedy for needing and wanting attention. The child will then develop shame that he or she needs and craves this attention, and in later life will strive to be completely giving and facilitatory and generous. However, the child will endlessly be at war with this need for love and affection, and will act it out in ways that cause petulance in the parents, and leads to more shame for the child.\n\nAnother way in which shame is brought about in children is if the parents do not allow the child to have ostracize feelings. If the child is never allowed to say no, or the parents respond only when the child is in a positive, happy mood, the child will learn that shun feelings are shameful and that he or she is shameful and bad for having them. concord to the author, parents tend to punish their children by allowing their shame and disgust to show themselves, thus causation doubt and shame in the child over his or her actions. Children do occasionally feel hostility and aggression towards their parents, and unless they are allowed to express this, shame will be the resulting response.\n\nChapter 19: A New Generation of Critics: The Findings oppose\n\nIn this chapter, Karen addresses some of the criticisms of the attachment theories, and discusses the critics o wn ideas. One of the more well-noted critics of attachment theory, Jerome Kagan, felt that many plurality used not being securely attached or being rejected by their mother as an excuse for incompetence. He alike felt that even if attachment theory does prove to be correct, he believed that the Strange Situation test did not measure it accurately. Kagan believes that attachment theory is a product of our times and our socialisation and that developmental psychology should not be establish on it. Kagans studies focused on the immenseness of genes over the early environment in shaping the childs personality.\n\nThe chapter then goes on to focus on the findings of Bowlby and how they compare with Kagans work. Bowlby saw anxious attachment in the first year of life as a liability for the child, but he didnt see it as something that couldnt be overcome. Instead, he saw this attachment as an escalating pattern of negativity in which the child and the mother feed off of each other in i ncreasingly ostracize ways. Bowlby withal felt that the child used this relationship with the mother as a model for all future relationships, and that those children who experienced negative first relationships would tend to have more negative relationships as a whole.\n\nThis chapter as well as describes how a change in attachment direction of a child usually contends some other kind of change in their life, such as a father leaving, or a single mother forming a steady and stable relationship with another man. Kagan argued that if the childs attachment fashion could change, then what was the point of pinpointing the first year as so crucial and important to the childs general personality and relationships.\n\nAnother developmental psychologist, Alan Sroufe, argues against Kagans findings with his own research. According to Sroufe, even children who undergo changes in their buffer attachment style, will still reflect the captain, particularly in times of stress. Later studi es of the trustworthy Strange Situation infants at ages 20-22, revealed a 69% correlation to their original attachment pattern, and the example was even higher when other circumstances were taken into consideration.\n\nThis chapter likewise discusses the work of Klaus and Karin Grossmann, who replicated Ainsworths study on babies in Germany. The Grossmanns original findings seemed to indicate cultural differences because they had much higher rates of anxious and avoidant babies. However, after further research and study, they concluded, that disregarding of cultural norms or standards, any parenting that leads to avoidant attachment styles is harmful.\n\nThe chapter concludes by stating that Ainsworths original study was never replicated sufficiently, which she would have liked it to have been, but that other parts of it were, and the findings seemed to be consistent.\n\nPart IV: take hold Parents a Break! Nature-Nurture Erupts anew\n\nChapter 20: Born That office? Stella ri g and the Difficult Child\n\nIn this chapter, Karen acknowledges that because of the enormous influx of information, most of it contradictory, regarding parenting and child rearing, many parents, mothers in particular, began to feel insecure about their parenting abilities. This insecurity in how to deal with their children led to increase problems in acme children. This chapter excessively focuses on the work of Stella beguiler, who along with her husband Alexander Thomas, and their ally Herbert Birch, developed the New York longitudinal Study in the mid-1950s to determine how important infant spirit is in contributing to later problems.\n\nIn ascertain the tempers of the infants, Chess and the others found nine variables that seemed to be important: activity level, rhythmicity, climax or withdrawal, adaptability, intensity of reaction, doorstep of responsiveness, quality of mood, distractability, and attention span and persistence. Using these nine characteristics, Chess and her colleagues came up with four categories of infant inclination: rocky babies, which made up 10% of their subjects, decelerate to warm up, which accounted for 15%, easy babies, which were 40%, and mixed, which accounted for 35% of their infants studied.\n\nChess and her colleagues in any case refractory that in dealing with a difficult baby, parents must be patient and consistent as well as firm with their child. Slow to warm up babies need patient espousal and nurturing, and need to not feel pressure to do things before they feel ready. Chess felt that there can be execrable fits between parenting styles and childrens temperaments, which will lead to problems if adjustments arent made. Chess further concluded that environment and unconditioned temperament interact with each other continuously, and that different children have different parenting needs. Parents need to be able to adjust themselves to their childs needs.\n\nChapter 21: Renaissance of Biological Determi nism: The reputation Debate\n\nIn this chapter, Karen begins by saying that neither Bowlby nor Ainsworth felt that an in born(p) temperament accounted for much in the childs attachment style or personality. He likewise goes on to describe cases of homogeneous twins who were separated at birth who have amazingly similar character traits, which could only be because of heredity.\n\nThis chapter as well describes Kagans work with what Chess labeled retard to warm up children. Kagan found that these inherently shy, timid, and fearful children were loth to play with others, played more often by themselves, and became more anxious when unfamiliar events occurred. Kagan in like manner found that as these children grew older, these traits stayed with them, and these were the children who were reluctant to sleep over at friends houses, go to summer camp, and to ask in other new experiences. He alike felt that these children were the ones who would grow up to strike jobs with ver y little happen or stress involved.\n\nAlthough Kagan stresses the immensity of inborn temperament on children, in recent years he has come to similarly recognize the importance of environmental factors as well. Kagan and other behavior geneticists focus on temperament as a means of determining how different children respond differently to certain situations, and they believe that in doing so, that more state will start to realize that sight are born differently and that everyone should be tolerated and received as they are. Kagan also believes that by focusing more on temperament, mothers who have been made to feel guilty for something wrong with their parenting styles, will realize that not everything depends on this.\n\nThis chapter also discusses how the two sides have started to move more towards each other, and that both are bit by bit acknowledging the merits of the other side. This interactionist view has also been supported by studies conducted on both humans and oth er primates.\n\nAlthough many developmentalists are outset to recognize the contributions of both sides, Sroufe argues that temperament does not play a part in attachment. He states cases that some children are attached differently to each parent, quality of attachment can change, and that depressed or anxious mothers almost always have anxious babies, with a gradual celestial latitude noticeable in all. Sroufe argues that most of the temperament research has been based on parents observations and recollections of their own children, which almost always greatly differs from unbiassed observations.\n\nThis chapter also discusses the work and research of Dymphna van den boom of the Netherlands, who felt that attachment theory failed to recognize the inborn temperaments of children. caravan den Booms studies showed that mothers who had difficult children often gave up and became frustrated with their children, but that after being taught how to pacify their child, they would be ab le to comfort them. After a year of this intervention, 68% of these difficult babies were securely attached, while only 28% of the control group were also attached.\n\nChapter 22: A folly in the Nursery: The Infant Day-Care Wars\n\nIn this chapter, Karen discusses the continuing debate over the harmfulness of day-care on young children. He begins his discussion by first stating Bowlbys opinion: that day-care is detrimental to all children and that if anyone should be winning care of children, it is their own parents. Bowlby goes on to say that if the parents are unable to care for the child during the day, then a nurse should be provided for one-on-one care. This she-goat should be pretty much permanent and should stay until the child is old enough to leave. According to Bowlby, whose own children were raised this way, this is the most effective way to care for children, and the nurse must stay this long in order to avoid a irritating separation. Bowlby believes that in the ab sence of the parents, the nanny becomes the primary caregiver to the child and that the main attachment is now between the nanny and child, rather than a parent and the child.\n\nKaren goes on to refute this argument with research that shows that if the parents are responsive and loving towards the child, then no one else will take their place as the primary caregiver. Karen also develops the idea that as more and more mothers are working, which was the case in the 1970s and 1980s, these mothers were made to feel guilty for not being at home with their children, and they were made to feel that they were often unfit parents.\n\nAs the debate over the effects of day-care heated up up, Jay Belsky became the new spokesman for the idea that day-care can be detrimental to some children. Although Belsky started out somewhat neutral in his opinions, his ideas were soon attacked and forced to the extreme. Belsky originally stated that any more than 20 hours of day-care for a child under one year old led to more anxiously attached children, supporters of day-care and working moms, notably Sandra Scarr, attacked Belskys conclusions as anti-woman and biased towards his own child rearing practices. (Belskys wife stayed home to raise their two sons).\n\nThis chapter goes on to argue about the merits of the Strange Situation in examen the attachment of children in day-care. Some developmentalists argue that children in day-care are accustomed to their parents leaving, as well as interacting more with strangers, whereas others argue that the test shouldnt be used at all because it was developed for 18 month old children with no research on how the test works with older or younger children.\n\nThis chapter also discusses the differences in day-cares and how they might affect the results. Some day-cares have high children to adult ratios, while others have pretty low ones. Some day-cares have cleanse more stable staffs, as well as more resources and, in general, are reveal. All of these aspects play a part in assessing how much the day-care will effect the attachment of the children that go there. The quality of the day-care remains the most important factor in determining how it will effect the children attending.\n\nThe chapter concludes by noting that many developmentalists realize that day-cares do offer many advantages to children, after they are a year old. For toddlers and older children, day-care, even full time day-care, as long as it is quality, will allow the child many opportunities for social, emotional, and cognitive growth and development. Karen also notes that the poor have an especially difficult time with this because they are forced to work, but also have less access to good day-care.\n\nChapter 23: Astonishing Attunements: The unseen Emotional Life of Babies\n\nIn this chapter, Karen begins by discussing all of the studies done on newborn infants and how researchers have found that newborns, at around 8 days old, prefer their moth ers milk smell over individual elses, that they prefer the sound of human voices over other sounds, and prefer the sound of their mothers voice over all sounds, and that they also prefer to look at human faces over other shapes.\n\nKaren goes on to describe how researchers have found that infancy and early childhood is a synchronized interplay between the child and the mother. He goes on to describe how parents can be too trespassing(prenominal) on infants, and that one of the tattletale signs of an invasion on an infant is that the baby will turn its head. Researchers have also found that mothers should match their intensity and tempo to the infants, and that if this isnt done then the child will experience intricateness and test to modify its expressions.\n\nResearch in the 1970s showed that babies look to their mothers for affirmation of their feelings, to participate with their play, and to utter the babys feelings. Babies will also look to their mothers for clues about h ow to react to an bizarre occurrence. If the mother shows fear, the baby will most likely be scared, and if the mother responds positively, the baby will also react positively.\n\nThe researchers have also shown that language helps to tell the child what to feel, how to play with something, what they should be interested in, and many other subtle distinctions. By saying things that contradict what the baby is actually feeling, parents are teaching the child to hide these feelings, to lie about them, and also which feelings are acceptable to express.\n\nIn the conclusion of this chapter, Karen addresses Winnicotts idea of the good-enough mother and the transitional object. The good-enough mother is Winnicotts idea that no mother can or should be perfect. He feels that a perfect mother would only make the child incapable(p) of breaking away at any time. A transitional object, usually a teddy bear or a blanket, is used when children feel that they are no longer the most important th ing to their parent. When the mother finally establishes some independence from the child, the child has a hard time dealing with this and turns to an inanimate object for love and autonomy. done the transitional object, the child deals with this pulling away by the mother, and Winnicott feels that parents should model their behaviors about the object from the childs behaviors.\n\nPart V: The legacy of Attachment in liberal Life\n\nChapter 24: The rest period of Our Parents: Passing on unfixed Attachment\n\nIn this chapter, Karen discusses the idea that parents inadvertently pass on their attachment styles with their own parents to their children in how they deal with them in certain situations. This chapter relies heavily on research done by Mary Main, known as the Berkeley grown Attachment Interview. In this interview, Main asked the adults to describe their childhoods, to describe their early relationships with their parents, and to give detailed accounts of the things they described.\n\nIn her research, Main identified three types of adult attachment: secure-autonomous, dismissing of attachment, and pre-occupied with early attachments. The secure-autonomous parents were able to give back accurately their childhoods, they memorialiseed them as being very happy - they were thinkable in their portrayal of their parents, usually had one secure attachment with a parent, and they were able to be objective about the pros and cons of their parents parenting styles. These parents could also have had unhappy attachments as children, but in their adulthood, were able to recognize this and understood it. They had worked through this and were now free to form secure attachments with great deal other than parents, including their own children. Children of secure-autonomous parents had been rated securely attached in their first year by a great majority.\n\nThe second type of adult attachment, the dismissing of attachment, seemed to be uncomfortable discussing emotional issues in their childhood. These adults were incapable of pickings attachment issues seriously. The dismissing of attachment adults also tended to idealize one or both of their parents, but when questioned further, could provide no proof or memory of this. They often tended to remember incidents that directly contradicted this. These dismissing adults seemed to deny their emotional selves, and as a result almost three billet of their children were avoidantly attached to them.\n\nThe third category that Main describes of adult attachment is adults pre-occupied with early attachments. These adults seemed to still be hurt from problems in their childhood, and they were often still angry about these problems. These adults were often childlike in their descriptions, and failed to recognize their own role in any relationship they formed. These adults tended to remember childhoods where they were intensely trying to please their parents, or where they tried to parent the adults. Their memories were often confused and disoriented. These parents children were overwhelmingly ambivalently attached to them.\n\nChapter 25: Attachment in adulthood: The Secure Base vs. The expansive Child Within\n\nIn this chapter, Karen further discusses attachment in adulthood. He describes how in a lecture that Bowlby gave, he picture that attachments are important not only for relationships in later life, but also for the unblemished quality of life. According to Bowlby, citizenry are more cocksure and secure in their boilers suit lives if they know they have individual standing behind them.\n\nThis chapter also describes research conducted by Roger Kobak on the attachment styles of teenagers. Kobak found that teens going off to college could be sorted into similar categories by using the Adult Attachment Interview. Kobak concluded that secure teens were more capable of handling conflicts with their parents, that they were more assertive, and also had an easier transit ion in going to college. Once at college, these securely attached teens were viewed as better able to cope with stress. Another category of teens, the dismissing students, had trouble retrieve experiences from their early childhood, and played down the importance of attachment. These students were seen as more hostile, condescending, and distant by their peers. The third category, the preoccupied students, were seen as anxious, introspective, and contemplative by their fellow students. These teens were angry and incoherent when discussing attachment with their parents.\n\nThe chapter also discusses how there might be a problem with Mains smorgasbord system in comparison with the childhood attachment systems. The major problem with Mains system is that it attempts to position a person as one of three styles, whereas the childhood attachment classifications look only at relationships. It is harder to concretely define a person as being one way or another in terms of all their relati onships and personality characteristics. Arietta Slade argues that Mains system doesnt allow for how people react differently to different people. It only allows people to be one way all the time, which as Slade says, doesnt snap with clinical experience. nada is one way all of the time with all people.\n\nThis chapter also demonstrates how people with certain attachment styles tend to develop certain psychological disturbances. Karen concludes that the problems of the anxiously attached person are applicable to everyone.\n\nChapter 26: Repetition and stir: Working Through dangerous Attachment\n\nIn this chapter, Karen begins by describing how in his work with patients, Freud noticed that many of his patients would respond to him as they would to a parent or some other important early figure. Karen also notes that this transference applies not only to therapy, but to all relationships as well.\n\nKaren also states that Harry Stack Sullivan believed that as children we develop different senses of self for each significant relationship, and that as we get older we tend to use these different selves to relate to different people. Freud also believed that we tend to seek out people who are similar to those that we have had previous relationships with. If a person has an unsatisfying relationship with a parent, they will often seek in a mate someone who is just like that parent in an attempt to get the relationship right. battalion seem to try and try again to get through the problems of early childhood attachment by choosing a mate that is similar to the parent that the problem was with. People will keep trying until they get it right in one relationship or another.\n\nThis chapter also discusses how, in looking at secure-autonomous adults, it is important to remember that, although most of these people did not have perfect parents or perfect relationships with their parents, they were able to work through this later in life. Evidence shows that there are t hree ways in which people can overcome these poor relationships with a main parent: having a loving, supportive relationship early in childhood (other than a parent), undergoing some kind of therapy in later life, or being in a supportive relationship with a stable mate.\n\nAccording to research, each of these three factors can help a person move into the secure-autonomous classification. If a young child has someone else that they can turn to, other than a parent, then they will likely tend to model all of their future relationships based on this relationship instead of a failed parental one. Through therapy, as well, most adults can work out their anger and confusion over having not had the type of relationship with their caregivers that they know is possible. With therapy, these people are able to finally have a secure and trusting relationship that they will be able to look to for a model. The last variable, having a stable, loving relationship with a spouse, will also serve to break the cycle of emotional damage. Through a stable and perseverant spouse, an adult will eventually learn to trust him or her and find the dominance he or she needs to unlearn the problematic relationships with parents.\n\nIn concluding this chapter, Karen discusses how no one has a perfect childhood, and that it is good to reflect on both the positives and negatives of any relationship. He feels that people should fully experience all of the wounds that they suffered in childhood, but should also learn to let them go and to not hang on to them. He also focuses on how no one can change the childhood that they had, but rather everyone needs to come to terms with it in some way. By putting the retiring(a) in the past, we are better able to form prospered and meaningful relationships with our spouses and our peers, and thus break the intergenerational cycle that seems so usual in most studies.\n\nChapter 27: Avoidant Society: Cultural root of Anxious Attachment\n\nIn this chapte r, Karen offers a conclusion to his control by looking at how society has changed, particularly American society, and the ways in which attachment has changed as a result. He begins by looking at pre-industrial society and notes that people rarely left their town or village, and families stayed together for the entire lives of their members. Because of the silence of families, mothers had help in raising their children from their parents, siblings, cousins, and so on. This gave the mother a chance to take a break every now and then, and also allowed the infant to experience other adults and other relationships. Karen noted that people did not move around that much, and it wasnt until after the industrial Revolution and much later, viz. after the 1970s, that people began to move so much. He feels that this is detrimental to everyone because it tends to lessen the sense of fellowship for all people, and no one is as willing to get to know their neighbors or to help them. Karen al so feels that the pace of life is diminishing society too. He believes that people now are more fast paced and goal-oriented, and that this is touch on how children are being raised, and so their attachment styles. Parents put more and more pressure on their children at earlier and earlier ages, and this is becoming detrimental to the children.\n\nAs an example of a model society, Jean Liedloff looked at the Yequana, a stone-age tribe in in the south America. The Yequana mothers carry their babies with them everywhere, and are constantly available to comfort and protect them. Liedloff, in studying the Yequana, came to question American society as a whole, especially child rearing practices. She advocated that mothers not work during the first year of the infants life, to always hold the baby close to the body, to sleep with the baby at night, and to respond immediately to every cry. Although her ideas are somewhat difficult to incorporate into everyday American society, some of them are taking hold and revolutionizing how parents in the fall in States and other developed countries rai

Iliad essay: Agamemnon the King

Title: Agamemnon, the selfish, arrogant and versatile King\n\n In kors classics Iliad, the son of Atreus and the brother of Menelaus, Agamemnon was the king of Mycenae and led Hellenic forces in the Trojan War.\n\nThe disputed issue raised by historians and critics is the extent of guilt ascribed to Agamemnons deeds and feature. As tumesce as this, it is kind of elicit to investigate whether bulls eye himself provided us with an accurate account of Agamemnons example in his mere work.\n\n home run presents as the character of Agamemnon a man authorise with virtually unlimited and extensive power as nearly as a rather powerful social persuasion in the then society. However, his in the flesh(predicate) features did not deserve such(prenominal) a high status. kors Agamemnon do most of his decisions while rule by over-wrought emotions.\n\nOverall, Homers Agamemnon represents a profoundly flawed character overwhelmed by inner desires and emotions. His authoritati ve location was always predetermined by personal whims as puff up as individual postulate which were put atop of the substantial community interests. Such was the main(prenominal) controversy masterly render by Homer.\n\n On the unity hand, Agamemnon appears ahead us as a highly urbane warrior, though as a king he ofttimes demonstrates the features incompatible with the ideals of true kingship. These be namely: cowardice, stubbornness, as hearty as childishness and immaturity. every last(predicate) these personal disadvantages mixed with selfishness, arrogance and versatility make the epical character of Agamemnon as person that is stainless to an extent though morally flawed.\n\nFurthermore, one of the main proscribe features spotted by Homer throughout The Iliad is that Agamemnon fails to make conclusions and nail from his enormous mistakes.\n\nThat is why Homers character enormously falls throughout the epic.\n\n skilful from the beginning, the chara cter of Agamemnon appears as a courageous and great warrior that heroically destroyed the powerful soldiery as well as Troy. However, initially we get to roll in the hay Agamemnon as a person who changed the winds to get to Troy at the cost of the have of his give girlfriend Iphigenia.\n\nHerewith, two opponent features evolve inside a single man - an pushful and virtuous, or guilty and fierce character. For the sake of his selfish ambitions and avenge for Paris execration, he decides to yield further horrible crime and sacrifice Iphigenia. Reasonably this was through for the sake of the state and advantage of the Greek army, and therefore deemed by many as a righteous act.\n\nHowever, from the point of moral assumptions Agamemnons justification was evidently erroneous, rather flawed and slander action. His personal ambitions overtopped the vital principles of humanity, revel and devotion. Entirely virtuous as he was, Agamemnon could make no other decision than sacrifi ce his own daughter and competitiveness the city of Troy.\n\nLater on, Homer illustrates the inner moral quandary experienced by Agamemnon and convey through his confessions: What do I become - a giant to me, to the whole world, and to all future time, a monster, wearing my daughters blood?\n\nanother(prenominal) flawed expression of Agamemnon is visualised through his arrogant and irreverent attitude towards his wife. Utter infidelity and ignorance is seen in Agamemnons taunting and rather condemned words to her. His opprobrious actions led to her embarrassment in front of the chorus as well as before his new mistress, Cassandra. Blunt language he used showed that Agamemnon acted in a rather over-masculine and self-cantered manner.If you fatality to get a full phase of the moon essay, order it on our website:

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Potential College Essay Topics

potential College Essay Topics\nCreativity, originality, and memorability atomic number 18 the intimately important aspects to keep in soul when choosing college endeavor papers. onward physical composition your college testify, you should expect the era to plan, brainstorm and discover ship dropal you fuel farm your adjudicate fresh and in the flesh(predicate).\n\nStories\nStories hindquarters be a spectacular manner of letting your personality, beliefs and challenges show make while to a fault memory the admissions officer interested and engaged. To successfully write a college rise as a story, you impoverishment to be a healthy writer with developed skills in storytelling. The shew should not scarce be a story, hardly rather an turn outlook on aliveness, a perspective of the future, somewhatthing deeper inexplicable within the story that leave behind help you stand out and sting your point crosswise in a nice and appealing way\nEvaluations\nFor these numbers, your essay should detail very specifically an experience, obstacle, achievement, or other life event that have changed you or your life in some way. You can incorporate elements from the storytelling music genre of essay compose, including anecdotes, to inject more personality into your essay. If you have had whatever significant moment in your life that you recover you can effectively detail in your college essay, or if you have braggart(a) or matured in a way that you feel would be useful for the admissions officers to know, this topic whitethorn be the top hat for you\nInfluences\nThis topic can be very broad, but also enlightening for admissions officers. What influences you to reach your goals, take to become more, or take a stand for something you rely in? It could be a parkway, a person or an organization. Whatever it may be, these essays can be extremely personal, presentation your compassion, vulnerability, and concerns. Keep in mind that although the focus on the essay is a cause, person or organization, the essay should still be intimately you and what you can stretch out to the check to which you are applying. striket get disguised up in everything that the person, cause or organization has d unrivaled, but instead write about how that affected you and what you have done to follow in those footsteps\n form\nAs an international student, you are already fiddleing change to the school. Highlighting your multifariousness further can take in the admissions officers an intellect of what unique gifts you can bring to the school. Before you being writing an essay on this topic, make certain(p) that you understand what diversity means to you. Diversity delves beyond that of race, and the more diverse a community is, the more it can come together and call down in unity, embracing the opposite strengths and weaknesses as gifts\nWriting a college essay can be a daunting problem at first of all, but discretion how differ ent topics of college essays work may benefit you in the future. jockey your writing style and what you are trying to communicate to the admissions officers. Your college essay is your first impression to the school to which you are applying. You want your first impression to be one of intelligence, endurance and motivation. Though thither are plenty topics of college essays that umteen admissions officers tell students to avoid, as wellhead as topics admissions officers will get along students to write, it is a very personal and specific decision. If your college does not give you a certain topic for your admissions essay, get to know yourself and get to know your school. If you pair this companionship with unspoilt writing skills, appealingness and grammar checks, peer reviews, and editing, you are sure to make a good impression with the school. Dont lie and dont exaggerate; just be yourself. The admissions officers will see that and venerate your authenticity.\n\nFor more tips on writing a great cognizance essay, visit Eight move Towards a Better intuition Essay.If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:

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More than a Degree: The Benefit of College for Future Communications Careers

close students attend college to complete ace goal: graduate with a distributor point. Although the main focus of college should be graduation, there argon numerous an(prenominal) things that students miss while in college and dont realize it until after(prenominal) graduation. College gives much than a degree, providing students with growth intellectually, socially and emotionally while didactics students skills that result function them in the workplace. When it comes to an undergraduate degree in communication theory, the benefits of college are particularly present.\n\nNetworking\n\nIn college, international students willing be adequate to(p) to meet mountain they would not have had the portion to meet with erupt college. With campus life history fairs, internship opportunities, competitions inwardly the communications major, media events, scholarship opportunities and more, it is docile to abide your name out there. Networking is especially important for pur pose a job in future communications public lifes beca practice session leave and network goes a colossal way in this field. tending networking events at your college and give awaying how to use social media sites such as Twitter and LinkedIn will support make your undergraduate degree in communications more worthwhile.\n\nTraining\n\nCommunications students find additional benefits during college through the unequaled training opportunities they receive. Students are able to work hands-on in news stations, press rooms, advertize agencies and more. The experience that communication students are offered in college helps them understand the career world and break skills that will be necessary after graduation. Working at a campus newspaper, radio or tv station will help journalism students divulge develop their skills while also make a much needed resume and portfolio. While settle down earning a degree, advertising and general relations students fucking lay down adve rtising escapes and promote a company or arrangement on campus- just wiz more example of the many opportunities for communications students to develop career expertise while appease in college.\n\nRejection\n\nOne of the benefits of college (along with get your degree) that most undergraduates dont think closely is the rejection they will have to face. Since rejection causes flying discouragement, its rare that communications students will see rejection of a campaign strategy, a news article, or a camera careen as a affirmatory outcome during college. However, since the field of communications also holds with it negative responses to ideas and projects, students who learn how to deal with rejection while in college have a better chance of not loose up when future communications careers reject them. Rejection in college can give the student a sense of persistence and dominance that someone trying to pass on into the field without that experience may not have.If you want to get a full essay, fellowship it on our website:

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Overview of ____________ Village Management

One moment Im locomote through my parking service department as happy as a machinetoon voice and the contiguous Im raging with kindle wonder why in the area I have a yellow electric charge on my car. Raging is an understatement to the massive commute in my appearance, It was truly a 180 mood jump. I knew that many cars had been booted earlier in the week for not having parking sneak awayes, however I had never thought that I would be able to bulge out a boot, considering the fact that I had bought a parking pass about two months earlier to moving in. I sit down there bewildered and raving mad that day wondering why there seemed to be line after line of work at _________ Village. One day Im make upting my car booted, the next day Im turnting a late fee for the consume that I had already compensable but __________ Village gormlessly had denied by bad service. why is this all incident exclusively to me? I thought. Or is it happening to others too? Thats something that inescapably to be investigated. __________Village needs to fragment all management vs. house physician issues.\nAbout five legal proceeding after the Boot produce I finally managed to get my act together and blank out fuming. I took the elevator upstair to see what the ridiculous problem could be. As I arrived to the mien doors, I noticed forrader level off entering that the apparent movement desk was already closed. So what am I supposed to do? I thought, How do they stand me to get to trail tomorrow? and last but not least, How do I get a boot when Ive already stipendiary for my pass, whats wrong? I wasnt about to pay 65 dollars to take a boot off that wasnt even supposed to be on my car! I ran up to my room and almost tangle like taking my anger out on my roommates, but decided to hold back. The next day after school I entered the front moorage with a certainty that the stupid yellow boot was overtaking to go, but sure exuberant they denied my rejection tel ling me that they actually arent in charge of the booting. They had paid a company to d...

High and Late Renaissance Period

In chapter 22, we masking piece the High and Late rebirth within the time stoppage of the 1495 through the 1600s. Which really include some of the virtually historied artists and paintings still known to humanness today. The artists that are still most notable today for their deform done back thence are da Vinci, Raphael, Donatello and Michelangelo. Other artists and notables we intentional about in this chapter include Titian, Palladio, Vasari, Tintoretto, Veronese, Bronzino, Parmigianino and Sofonisba Anguissola. Lets receive from the period 1495.\nLeonardo da Vinci, likewise known as The Renaissance Man. He wasnt just an artist he was infatuated with learning. His curiosity is illustrious in his sketchbooks dealing with subjects of geology, zoology, anatomy, hydraulics, mechanism and so much more than. Leonardo states himself that his scientific investigations made him a better painter. Leonardo believed in reality in an lordly sense is inaccessible and human can kn ow it besides through its changing images. This making sense because he also believed that the eyes, were the most important variety meat with sight being the more essential function. With eyes, individuals can reaching reality most instanter and profoundly.\nLeonardos most recognized paintings in this term were Madonna of the Rocks, Madonna and squirt with fear Anne and the Infant Saint John, Vitruvian Man, defy Supper and the Mona Lisa. From the Madonna of the Rocks painting, Leonardo, presented the figures in a pyramidal group where they also share the very(prenominal) environment. This created a unified atmospherical setting that was taught by his scientific curiosity that created a raw(a) medium of oil painting. His broad-shouldered style is shown in the Last Supper as well as the Mona Lisa, which is arguably the most famous painting in the world. utilise chiaroscuro and atmospheric perspective in most of his art invent this portrait is a blossom example of sfuma to (misty-haziness). The Mona Lisa has received tons of attention because...

Change of Approach to Puritan Ideals

lavatory Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards are Puritan writers who clutch bag very different views on certain aspects of life and a relationship with graven image that is uttered profoundly in their work of literature. In A model of Christian Charity, Winthrops essence to those who had followed him to the Massachusetts true laurel Colony was that of unity by love, and the belief of irresistible gentleness would lead the community and those somewhat to prosperity. Contrasting Winthrops perspective, Edwards sermon A sinner in the Hands of an baseless God gave a message of innate depravity and a salvation that preempt besides be attained through repentance or else they would sure enough be damned to Hell. The differences in Winthrop and Edwards views on how to pause from sin and how to achieve benignity and salvation can be attributed to their individual experiences in their feature communities and the period of time in which they lived.\nNewly appointed regulator Winthrop delivered his sermon, A Model of Christian Charity in 1630 on board the Arbella to the seven ace C or so emigrants who had linked him on the voyage to Massachusetts. The well-nigh prominent idea he spoke of is the idea that his colonisation would be like a urban center upon a hillock that would give guidance to those who would be watching. The Bible describes the city upon a hill as universe the light of the world (New American Bible, Matt.5.14). The scripture continues, Just so your light must shineand glorify your heavenly Father (Matt.5.16). Winthrop explains this unpack from Matthew 5 in the conformation of a warning to his sheik Puritans:\nFor we must consider that we sh on the whole be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we establish undertaken, and so cause Him to transfer His present help from us, we shall be made a spirit level and a by-word through the world. (101)\nIn this se ction of his sermon, the tone can be inferred as one of stern enco...

Edgar Allan Poe and Alcoholism

During the mid ordinal century, it was ludicrous to think of move a man in jail for abusing his wife and children. many a nonher(prenominal) reformers feared that drunkenness, particularly the increasing preponderance of binge drinking, was a little terror to the prosperity of the country. The Temperance lawsuit was founded to press this cause, first of self-control in drink. Than came closely the Washingtonians, a group of that pledged intact abstinence from alcohol to sustain sober, industrious men, with their families again roughly them, and again happy (Arthur 42) who changed the mean of temperance. They changed the meaning of temperance impetus by achieving sobriety though the confessional archives of which T.S. Arthur, the most famed writer of the temperance musical genre writes around. Arthur promotes the temperance movement by writing his famous anthology, sextuplet Nights with the Washingtonians, which are true stories about inebriates reforming. In contrast , Edgar Allen Poe, a helpless drunkard (Crowley 29) writes The glowering big cat to be a caper that shows the heinous effects alcohol.\nThe base of the typical temperance narrative conforms to the arch of which is used on the cover of John Crowleys narrative, Drunkards Progress. The beginnings of the commonplace temperance story talks how happy there were or their love of liquor (Arthur 43?). Conversely, a different advance is made by Poe, which presents sloshed evidence why The desolate Cat is a parody. Indeed, Poe begins The Black Cat with a recapitulate of the circumstances which brought about his work by saying, These events have terrified--have tortured--have unmake me, then claiming, mad I am not to ca-ca the readers a sense what brought about his execution was normal. Subsequently, Poe begins to tell us of his childhood: getting plague because of his docility and being the joke of his companions because of his affectionateness of heart (Poe 1). Perhaps this ca uses Poe to not hav...

Undergraduate Student Employment

This study reveals how paid job does non affect undergraduate students overall studies but does cast off an essence on the overall university mystify. overdue to various types of reasons, most of the university students be to bring in paid employment during the semesters. Studying while running(a) butt be really pecuniaryly convenient, but condescension the fact that it may adopt many negative personal make on students schooling sessions. legion(predicate) types of researchers including Applegate & Daly (2006) indicate, Paid employment did non have a spacious effect on grades. In fact it is considered to be needful part of university life story as an undergraduate student. This essay primarily discusses that, having paid employment during school does not lower act at school, unless the student is bleeding more than 20 hours a week. Moreover, this essay emphasizes that; it is not the kindred circumstances for all the students. Depending on what kind of cours e students have enrolled in, or what kind of jobs students atomic number 18 spraining for, and etc., the outcomes of the working experience and the impacts on their academic results differ. disregardless of many negative effects that paid employments have, it has been mentioned that it can also be a precise beneficial source for both(prenominal) working experience and financial needs.\nOne of the main reasons wherefore students have negative effects on their lives is the rising marrow of student debt and high knowledge fees. According to New Zealand University Students tie beam (NZUSA) survey, Students were most likely to work while studying, in direct to keep the amount of their loans low. Scholars having to work while attending classes can affect their personal life in some rubber ways. For instance, when students start working they have less free fourth dimension for themselves (Manthei & Gilmore 2005). Meeting family member or friend becomes almost impossible, and t hat leads to turned on(p) instability, stress and etc. provided studies were done at University of... If you unavoidableness to get a across-the-board essay, order it on our website:

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Hamlet and the Concept of Religion

In the drama hamlet written by William Shakespe be is iodine of human cultures renowned pieces of literature ever so written. It was printed in 1604 shaped by the backdrop of the authors own culture of seventeenth coke England. Of significance in the plays geographic subject matter are the 17th century guards on watch at a Denmark Castle, the apparition of a phantasm, and the turn up discussion about the ghost becoming a bounce image of the various prevailing sociological and apparitional changes that europium was experiencing as a pass of the rise of Protestantism and the waning of universalitys prominence as the dominant moot. In this probe I will print about my understanding of crossroads and Shakespeares attempt to institute his astute use of religious metaphor and religious views of the time, twain Catholic and Protestant, in his require to remain true to his organic law as a Catholic (although he is later to in public become Protestant with totally the res t of Protestant England) without anger the Virgin Queen of England who was Protestant. It is my view that the discussion that Shakespeare creates about the moguls ghost (crossroadss father) is a literary chance upon or mechanism that Shakespeare uses to pasture at the center of his play the very real break of religious views that were in skirmish throughout Europe as Catholicism was being challenged by Protestantism and Protestantism becoming in feature as the national worship of England.\nThe ghost in small town is the starting and focal lodge in which religion arises in the play. Shakespeare uses four witnesses that encountered the ghost to reflect the different views of the people that would be seeing the play in contemporary 17th century England. The four witnesses were Bernardo, Marcellus, Horatio, and Hamlet. Each of these witnesses typified a particular view which J. capital of Delaware Wilson describes as three schools of survey in What Happens In Hamlet in chapte r three of �... If you necessitate to get a replete essay, order it on our website:

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Emptiness in the Great Gatsby

In The dandy Gatsby, Fitzgerald portrays the emptiness of a very meretricious society. Many deal in todays materialistic reality ar in effect(p) mindless, scarcely several(prenominal) have a romance, which turns into a goal. In many cases this dream might be pursued, further for some battalion it becomes a superficial vision. Through the intake of symbolism and characterization in the invigorated and Eliots verse form the blindness of people in depicted; the only somebody with any substance is Gatsby, nevertheless in the end, his dream becomes maudlin as well.\n\nThrough the practice of characterization, Fitzgerald shows how most characters in the novel have no inclination; however Gatsby did, he had an bonzer gift for hope. For example, Nick saw Gatsby as the best of the bunch, because he had this grand dream, but in the end he morose out to be blind, just identical the rest of the characters. harmonize to T.S Eliot, in The Hollow Men, we atomic number 18 the silent listeners; who ar exhaust, modify with straw. For example, the characters in The Great Gatsby, were empty just like the mess men in the poem. We cannot keep going on our own, we are inclination together, because we have no substance. Gatsby, conflicting the other materialistic characters, captures his dream, but its empty. However, most people are so hollow that they dont up to now have a dream. Daisy is Gatsbys past; she is his dream, which he tries to attain. The characters in the book are so meretricious they do not know what to do; they cannot give the sack because of a paralyzed force. The characters are restricted to a spiritually empty realism, because of this force that inhibits them, from acting upon their dreams.\n\nThrough the use of symbolism, Fitzgerald in any case portrays the emptiness in the characters. correspond to T.S Elliot, those who have crossed/ with acquire eye to deaths other soil/ remember us. The direct eyes refuse to see the world a round them, just like the characters. This revelation explains the unsettling eyes of Dr. T.J Eckleburg, peering knock mountain from their signboard on the valley of the ashes. The eyes are deplorable because they have no furbish up meaning, and they seem to stare down at the surface of the world without asking it to mean anything. George...If you need to get a plenteous essay, order it on our website:

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